Plot Analysis

In her ground-breaking play â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun,† Lorraine Hansberry challenged widespread cultural conceptions about African Americans.By focusing her play on stark realism, Hansberry was able to create a play which, in both theme   and technical execution, offered something radically different than the portrayal of American life typically seen on Broadway stages in the mid twentieth century.The impact of the play, both visually and   textually, on American audiences was visceral and controversial. Hansberry relied on depicting vastly disparate emotional states and conditions for her characters, as well as enticing her audience to experience the world of her characters with as much empathy as possible.The play's opening, for example, establishes that the Younger family is waiting for a ten-thousand dollar insurance check to arrive after the death of the family's father.The fact that the family is so steeped in poverty that each of them concocts elaborate schemes and ideas of how to spend the money before it even arrives, grips the reader or alert audience member with emotion and concern.   The â€Å"intrusion† of the expected money also begins the tension in the play and drives the conflicts between the play's characters., most notably between Mama and Walter Lee.In order to engage the audience, and to cause them to identify with the Youngers, Hansberry uses the device of realism, which includes the construction of a one-room apartment set, complete with all the trappings of poverty: cramped quarters, worn furniture and carpets, and a conspicuous lack of privacy.Before the audience has even begun to grasp the events of the   play, they are immediately aware of the family's dire financial situation.The shock of the set at a purely visual and spatial level communicates the Youngers' distress to the audience.   Teh ensuing emotional tension between Mama and her son is meant to show that the external attributes of poverty have corresp onding emotional and psychological impacts and have extended to the relationships between the characters.By the end of the opening scene, the reader or audience member knows that great hope and expectation has been pinned by the family on the insurance money and many readers or spectators of the play would probably intuit that the family's emotional crisis goes far beyond anything which can be repaired with money.The idea is to advance the plot in a realistic manner so that the audience or reader not only experiences the events of the play but feels the emotional resonance which is intended to be a part of the event which are portrayed.   In order to accomplish this, every aspect of the play, not only the plot, are steeped in realism.One element of dramatic technique that enables Hansberry to successfully create a dynamic and realistic drama is her use of vernacular in the play's dialogue.Unlike the blank-verse constructions of Shakespeare, or the witticism of Oscar Wilde, or even the dreamy musings of Tennessee Williams, Hansberry delivers the dialogue of â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† in colloquial language and this aspect of them play enhances the play's verisimilitude.The realism of the play then causes the audience to more closely identify with the play's characters and plot, and each of these aspects of the play helps to communicate the important sociological and racial themes that drive â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun.†This attention to realism and detail is important to the play's plot, also, because as the vents of the play unfold, the reader is drawn more deeply into an emotional connection with the characters because the characters seem for all intents and purposes to be actual people who face actual, real-life struggles.As the plot progresses, the insurance check actually arrives and in their haste to be a controlling interest in the spending of the money, each of the Youngers manages to ignore the others emotional needs in pursuit of persona l materialistic dreams.When Mama decides to use the money to move the family to a white neighborhood, a further sense of doom pervades th action as the Youngers fall further into emotional discord.Throughout the progression of the plot, the play's dialogue leaves an opening for the emotional outpouring which is markedly absent from the (seemingly banal) progression of events.Hansberry's dialogue, in fact, becomes a key driving force of the play's ultimate revelatory impact on the audience. As the play progresses and the characters become more clearly defined with motivations that the audience can identify with (or despise)   the dialect of the play begins to attain a lyrical uniqueness — a vocal music which was unlike any other play on the Broadway stage of the time.Lines such as â€Å"Seem like God didn’t see fit to give the black man nothing but dreams†¦.’† (29) or â€Å"â€Å"There is always something left to love. And if you ain’t lear ned that, you ain’t learned nothing†¦.†(135) attain the status of aphorism in the context of the play and divulge important social and racial realities that, for most Americans in the mid-twentieth century, existed, if at all, as merely si-debar newspaper articles or in some other abstract realization.Hansberry's play, through its fierce and relentless realism, coupled with its themes of yearning and dreaming seemed to marry the â€Å"American ideal† to the â€Å"American nightmare† in a verbally original and thematically cathartic fashion, elevating the dialogue of racial issues in America to a place of cultural acceptance.Simultaneously, the play's plot moves in an arc of excited expectation to dissolution of dreams while expressing the internal progressions of the characters with a portrayal of external events.When Mrs. Johnson tells the Youngers about a black family that was bombed because they moved into a white neighborhood, the audience feels t he dream of Mama's to live in a better neighborhood deflating.The audience realizes that money, alone, despite the naivete with which the Youngers regard its power, will do little, perhaps nothing, to change the misery of their lives.The Youngers have regarded money and the future hope of what it may bring with a sort of â€Å"exotic† hopefulness which, in its perceived futility during the vents of the play, should cause emotional frustration and dissonance in the reader and in the the audience.This dissonance reflects the same dissonance which exists between the Younger's dreams and their actual position in the world.By combining a realistic set with realistic dialogue, a kind of exoticism was reached by Hansberry, through the depiction of extreme poverty and want, which is a powerful force in granting the play unity of theme, place, and time in keeping with Aristotle's theories of dramatic construction in his Poetics.This latter attribute helps ground the play in the tradit ional dramatic structure which off-sets the aforementioned â€Å"exoticism† of the play's set and characters.Despite the reluctance for most Americans in the late 50's and early 60's to face the racially based challenges of that era, â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† demonstrated, through creative expression, the urgency of the plight of African Americans in a racist society.The play's climax, when it is decided that — despite the conflicts and hardships that the money has caused —   that Mama's plan to move to a new neighborhood will go through, exerts a sense of hopefulness in the face of manifested obstacles (and potential violence) which seems to suggest that optimism, ambition, and â€Å"togetherness† can weather storms and find fulfillment despite the truth of prejudice and poverty.However, a close reading of the play is just as likely to reveal in the reader, a sense that the Youngers are simply caught in a vicious cycle of hope and despair and t hat with each new breath of hope a corresponding crush of bad luck or ill-fortune will be experienced.   It is not fitting to say that the play, therefore, has a â€Å"happy† ending, but simply an ending which reflects an unending cycle of hope against an equally unending series of obstacles.Work Cited  Hansberry, Lorraine. A Raisin in the Sun. Random House, New York. 1959

Mark Twain’s “Two Views of the River” Essay

Mark Twain’s â€Å"Two Views of the River† offers two distinct ways of how to see the world. One is to see the world with a child’s eye. There is a certain level of amazement and wonder in seeing something for the first time or seeing something different in something very familiar. There is an exploration and a discovery involved. There is poetry. Then there is the other way of looking at things and seeing only the mundane. Here, people are seeing things and accepting that there is nothing extraordinary with things. This happens quite often when people see a place or a thing and only see the practical side. There is less wonderment and more analysis as to why it is there, what is its usage and how does it affect people. From a colorful poetic view, it becomes a practical nonchalant way of seeing the world. To capture such feeling in film, one must first focus on the first way of looking at the world. This involves seeing things for the first time with awe and wonder. It is poetic in a sense that almost every small detail has a hidden meaning and offers something worthy of camera time. Therefore, it should start with a long shot of the whole scene. And then it follows the narration and zooms in into the details. This offers the effect that from the outside one notices the big picture but is affected more by the details. This puts emphasis on the significance of everything from the changing river to the ripples of the water to the shore. Close-up shots of the river, the river’s changing colors, the sun, the ripples, the shoreline and the woodland should be taken. Each part should be consistently given importance and time. This creates the effect of taking it all in. Each part contributes something beautiful to the whole scene and must be portrayed as such. The second scene would be about how a scene fades from being novel into something being practical. The key in giving off this kind of feeling is to look at how the small details fit into the big picture. Here, Mark Twain says how the sun tells of what the weather will be or how a floating log means that the water level is increasing. Everything is connected to each other and its importance is seen in how it contributes to the big picture. As such, it is good to go and reverse what was done on the first part. From the close-ups, the camera can pan out of the woodland and the riverside through the river and end up with a zoomed out picture of the whole scene. It could also be shot in black and white while the other scene is shot in color. This does not mean the second more practical side in seeing things is less important. It does give off a dulling effect from something poetic to something practical. However, it also gives a larger view of the scene and as such, the viewer is able to see more and can use more what he sees for his everyday life. He sees the importance of things instead of its aesthetics. The effect of both scenes is like how a child and an adult experience the city. The first time, as a child, one sees the city with its big buildings and assortment of. One notices first the different buildings and shops and lights. Each reminds that this is no longer home. There is something foreign in the air. The sounds of the city are loud as it is a mixture of people talking and cars going by. Then there are heaps of people, each dressing differently for different purposes. There is something amazing with being in the center of such a busy world where everything is in constant motion. But as an adult, the city is no longer such an oddity. It becomes an everyday experience. The mass of people, cars, the noise, the shops, the buildings all fade into the background. Everything is accepted as part of reality. There is no longer amazement in learning new things. When people go to the city, they no longer look from left to right soaking in every detail. They simply go about their business without paying much attention except to see which route would go fastest or what store offers a better price. Such practicality becomes the main way of looking at things. This paradigm shift is the effect needed in portraying Mark Twain’s â€Å"Two Views of the River†. There should be two clear distinct scenes – a colorful and full in awe scene and a more practical scene that looks at the big picture. This shift and the difference in the shots give off how people change in how they see the same things. From seeing the small details and reveling in them for the first scene, the last scene goes back and looks at the big picture and how it affects the viewer. The details are not in focus and the color fades. However, one is able to see a larger view of the world. This contrast between both scenes leaves, at the end, an open ended question regarding which viewpoint is better.

Is It Appropriate for Learning to Read? Essay

Dr. Carla Hannaford, an educator and neuroscientist, presented a revolutionary research that helped people have a better understanding of the things they know and those that they do. Dr. Hannaford’s book entitled Smart Moves: Why Learning Is Not All In Your Head, has been praised for the insightful link made between the body and learning. Joseph Clinton Pierce even considered it as a research work that is greatly significant in understanding education and child development. Aside from that book, she also authored the book, The Dominance Factor: How Knowing Your Dominant Eye, Ear, Brain, Hand, & Foot Can Improve Your Learning. In this book, she looked at the link between the part of a human’s body favored for â€Å"seeing, hearing, touching, and moving† and a person’s way of thinking, working, reading, playing, and interacting with others (Hannaford, 1997). Basically, the research study conducted by Dr. Hannaford scientifically elaborated and explained the connection of one’s mind and body movement and its implication in his/her learning and thinking abilities. In the Dominance Factor book, Hannaford emphasized on the idea that combining one’s dominant eye, ear, hand, and foot has tremendous effects in the way an individual learn. She also discussed the idea of an individual’s dominance profile. This dominance profile, which can be discovered in a simple and non-invasive muscle-testing, is a key element in molding a person’s way of thinking, acting and communicating with others. According to Hannaford, there are actually 32 different combinations of a person’s â€Å"dominant hemisphere, eye, ear, hand, and foot† (Hannaford, 1997). Each profile also helps a person identify what weaknesses they may encounter under stress. She even asserts that understanding one’s profile will help parents and even their children learn together in the best method suitable for them and that which will help the children perform at their highest capability (Hannaford, 1997). The concept presented by Dr. Hannaford could be tested and used in the different learning skills of people. Applying the dominance theory to an individual’s reading abilities is interesting but poses both a positive and a negative manifestation. Hannaford gave two major profile combinations that are easy to assess. She assumes that a person with a dominant â€Å"logic hemisphere, right eye, right ear, right hand, and right foot† understands better in a structured learning method and an orderly and chronological information presentation (Hughes & Vass, 2001). On the other hand, a person with a dominant â€Å"gestalt hemisphere, left eye, left ear, left hand, and left foot† learns faster through a perception of the bigger picture and understands the main idea yet has difficulty in looking at the details or the step-by-step procedures (Hughes & Vass, 2001). Being aware of this assessment, parents who will be able to easily identify the dominant profiles of their children will find it easier to teach their children how to read and read well considering that they will be able to apply the method that will be best applicable for their children. For the children, since their parents already know how they could read better, they will be able to find the learning process more enjoyable and to their advantage especially given that their parents applied the technique where their child may respond well. However, utilizing the dominance theory also poses negative consequences. Parents who are able to identify the dominant profiles of their children, whether it is as easy as the left and right combinations or more complex like an overlapping combination of the two, will only give focus on that dominant profile. In doing so, they are disregarding the development and enhancement of the other profiles of their children which is not that dominant but may well be applicable to their children. It somewhat constrains the parents to single-out the dominant profiles and set aside those which are not dominant at the moment. In all these, it is observable that any theory poses both positive and negative consequences. Although the ideas presented regarding the dominant profiles and reading skills is interesting, the parents should still consider the holistic growth of their children wherein the young ones develop all their skills as much as possible to their full potential and capabilities. References Hannaford, C. (1997). The Dominance Factor: How Knowing Your Dominant Eye, Ear, Brain, Hand and Foot can improve your Learning. UT: Great River Books. Hughes, M. , & Vass, A. (2001). Strategies for Closing the Lea

Grand Valley Dani Peaceful Warriors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Grand Valley Dani Peaceful Warriors - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the people of the Grand Dani are believed to have resided in this area of New Guinea for centuries, according to Karl Heider. The technology of these people is very limited and the only resources that were basically utilized in the 70’s era were stones and bamboo instruments. Also, their way of preservation deals almost entirely on horticulture for sustenance. Their culture and previous style of life have practically vanished away, due to Western missionaries’ encroachments and the degree of far-reaching variables in the environment due to World War II. The sociological structure of the Dani people differs greatly from American society. They are not totally united as a social network and do not necessarily have to rely on one another’s individual contributions to the clan in order to persevere. The main lifestyle objectives of the Dani women are kept separate from the men. While the men do more technical and constr uctive work, the women’s primary attentiveness is on tending to the children, gardening, tending and feeding the pigs, making salt, and weaving carrying baskets. The work among these people is almost always assigned to gender or in an age categorization. What unites them as a whole is the similarity that they have in regards to their values, beliefs, and rituals. Though it might be hard to believe, the men are the ones that normally weave the skirts that the women wear. Furthermore, they are the ones that also perform the myriad of ceremonies and rituals. The men also build the wood and grass houses and ready the fields by plowing, for the women to be able to plant the sweet potatoes (Heider 2004). One quite notable difference between the Dani people and American’s is the definite lack of specialized skills within their community. The Dani’s primary food source is sweet potatoes, although they do have other fruits and vegetables as well. Their only meat source comes from the pigs that they raise (Heidi 1970). The Dani Valley consists of a huge network of fields which the Dani improvise on and develop into harvested areas for gardening purposes. This is a year round process and there is always a field in the procurement of being harvested (Heidi 2004). Their irrigation technique involves constructing ditches around the fields so that there will be a proper route for excess water to drain. These same ditches are utilized to allow needed water into the harvested fields in the dry season of the Dani Valley. The social organization of the Dani is divided into two groups. The Wida or the Waija, which are the two designated social circles within the community. This simply means that each individual person is an aspectual part of their father’s moiety. They are required to marry outside the moiety that the reside in (Heider 1996). Though this works well for their people and their belief system, there are instances when complications arise among this type of social structure. For example, every Dani is born into the Wida moiety, no matter the specification, of which group, the father is bound too. The separation of social recognition does not occur until marriage, during the pigs feast (Heider 1996). In regards to the political aspects of the Dani people, there are different allegiances. Extended family compounds become part of a large confederation, usually equaling 1000 individuals (Heider 2004). It is the confederations that co-exist in a stable and peaceful, multi unit society. Although they might present more stability in family life, the allegiances among them often change (Heider 1970). There are no written laws or any real legal constraints, unless verbalized. Also, they share the same unique culture and belief system despite what group they are affiliated with. Their belief in marriage has a very distinct variation from an American perspective. They believe in Polygony, which is the custom of having more

Archetype, the Cause for Suffering according to Buddha, and Peoples Assignment

Archetype, the Cause for Suffering according to Buddha, and Peoples Perception on Platos Level of Awareness between Ancient Athens in Modern Day - Assignment Example An archetype is a universally acceptable pattern, behavior or statement among human beings that is meant to build pillars for individuals to follow. Carl Jung a psychologist claim that archetype lies in the collective unconscious of humanity and so it is in every individual. Archetype was derived from a Latin word ‘archetupos’ which means first-molded, hence it represents the beginning (James, 5). There are, however, critics to archetype saying that is a myth in psychology and culture, according to the critics it is something that does not really exist. An accept in modern society will be heroes and leaders, these are the modern day archetype and individuals always want to emulate them. Heroes are believed to be selfless and problem solvers, they do things for the community around them as compared to the doing for themselves. The community tends to be looking upon them for the solution of things facing them. A hero is a courageous being who has strength and capability fo r taking care of the people around him. Every hero story is the same where they are born and living just like an ordinary person, then tackles an extraordinary problem that other people cannot handle, receiving awards hence becoming the community hero. A person holding a higher position example a political position or maybe in an organization and show concern by helping the region or organization from a bad position that was in earlier to a better place is considered a leader. People acknowledge their work when they see that there have been lifted from a ditch to a place they can confidently support themselves. The fact that not everybody can do that for an organization or a region and people look up to them, gives them the title leader (Margaret, 139). Heroes and leaders are ideal people mainly because people look upon them to handle hard tasks that not every person can.     Ã‚  

Having our say and black men and public space (racism) Essay

Having our say and black men and public space (racism) - Essay Example The African American life is detailed in these stories. The story has a purpose of promoting harmony, courage and equality among American people. The stories talks about the mean ways of human and how they think color of skin decides the quality of a human. The writers alerts us that racism is an obstacle which is not easy to overcome and one need lot of determination and willpower to succeed in life in such a situation. Both the stories tell us that black people are treated in public place with despise and hatred. These narrations make us realize the hard life of black people in America who had to face racism throughout their life. They feel stolen of their identity, rights and freedom. They had to face racist attack at school, restaurants, public transport and work. This kind of alienation put forward a kind of resentment, revenge and frustration among black population. The black sisters in the novel â€Å"Having our say† talk how they handled the racism. One of the sisters responds strongly while the other one was submissive. This reality as many do not respond to criticism while some may be expressive. Staple understands that such racist view can hurt one immensely but keeps silence as he think it is a better way to face the situation. The racism is unfortunate for a country like America where people are educated and civilized. These readings show that education necessarily does not mean being civilized. The reading â€Å"Black men in public space† indicate that black people are often taken as criminals. Black men are often mistaken for being a rapist, mugger or burglar. People lock their doors or stay away when they see black men at public places. It is as if the black people represent crime and white people are perceived as moral and decent. The author of this tells that he has been mistaken for being a criminal many times which shows the ignorance and racist attitudes of white race. The author claims that white people have a misconception

Reflection Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Reflection - Assignment Example The UAE establishes new economic and political partnerships with other world countries creating a new appealing image of the country. This new role brings challenges to people in the UAE; they face the need to learn more about other people to understand them and make their communication effective. People cannot exist separately from their culture. The definition of culture is complex because it is derived from the context. Generally, culture is often related to separate dimensions of human life like legal sphere or personal communication. When 2 or more cultures exist in one community, they experience conflict caused by fundamental differences in their world views. If people do not have any knowledge about other culture, they can easily aggravate this conflict. On the other hand, cultural awareness let different people find a common ground. One more challenge is represented by language differences; people who do not know local language are automatically treated worse than locals. Despite these negative effects, cultural diversity changes the UAE to the better. People have more opportunities to communicate with foreigners and get some practical tips about cross-cultural communication. People who travel to the UAE and come to work there are obliged to learn more about local culture and people. People become more understanding and attentive to each other. I have seen many web resources which are related to explaining the UAE culture and eti1uette to foreigners. Moreover, people become less superstitious about the UAE and Islam when they learn about them in detail. When my grandfather was young, the country was totally different. It is even difficult to compare my world with his recollections. Old traditions still exist in the UAE society but they become more liberal under the influence of other cultures. Now he cannot be flexible enough to understand all the changes which happen every

Module 4 SLP Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Module 4 SLP - Assignment Example In order to have a successful marketing campaign, there is a need for effective and efficient distribution mechanisms for the company’s products as they are taken to destinations where consumers can access and purchase them (Perner n.d.). However, prior to rolling out of these services there is the need for an issue analysis to establish the patterns and approaches that will be needed for the success of this aspect. The SWOT analysis and primary research was helpful in identifying key issues that would give the company a cutting edge in the marketing and overall position in the market. Some of the issues included strengthening human capital through internal trainings and exposure to various modern approaches in product design, development and marketing. In all business and organizational practices, human capital has continued to be categorized as the single most important resource for any business or organisation. Human capital is responsible for setting goals and objectives as well as developing strategies to achieve the particular goals and objectives. In developing a distribution and marketing plan, the company needs to train marketing personnel on some of the various types of marketing and product promotion practices that are relevant in the changing market patterns. Besides training, the company needs to build and increase its capacity on setting and achieving distribution and marketing objectives. All staff involved in marketing should be made aware of various strategies that are used by rival companies when marketing their products. This way, it is possible to create different strategies that will establish the much-needed competitive advantage. In the wake of changing marketing patterns, many companies have become creating in development and marketing of their products. Advancement in technology has provided a better platform upon which companies can devise innovative ways of

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 71

Reflection - Essay Example complish God’s will.† This is the actual meaning of life; that is, to attain God’s will by making the best use of your competencies that He has blessed you with. Secondly, as Johnson (1990, p.17) asserts, I would also like the world to believe that that we find the true happiness in worldly possessions, positions, wealth, and status, if only we are able to relate the acquiring of these to God’s will. For me, true happiness, which is the essence of life, comes not from worldly possessions but from obedience of God. Thirdly, my last lesson is that one should limit one’s lust for the world. One should start living according to ethical boundaries set by God, because only then will God intrude in one’s matters to shower His blessings. The German philosopher, Friedrich Nietzsche, contradicts this viewpoint with his idea of nihilism, in which he argues that human existence does not have any meaning. According to him (as cited in Keiji, 1990, p.29), t he idea of afterlife is so strong that the worldly life becomes meaningless. This idea denies the importance or the ultimate meaning of life. Still, I believe that it is important to spend this life whole-heartedly while remaining within the ethical boundaries. Sharpe and Bryant (2005, p.130) raise the concern in their book: Does the success of science mean that we must abandon the Divine like a plaything we once loved but have now outgrown? Such and other concerns raised by the authors make us ponder upon the relationship between science and religion. This course has, thus, impacted my understanding of science and religion to a great extent because I have been able to understand how science has proven what religious scriptures mentioned many hundred years ago. I have understood that science and religion do not stand far apart; instead, they strengthen each other’s claims and findings. I have understood that Diving power can never be put in the background or can never be forgotten, because it is the Divine that

Paper on Drugs in Media - The Wall Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Paper on Drugs in Media - The Wall - Essay Example Death, bloodshed, loss of mutual trust and frailty of life plagued human existence to such an extent that common people developed an escapist approach from their human existence. Compared to the adults, sensitive minds of young generation were affected to a greater extent. On one hand they wised to enjoy a healthy and jovial social life but their hopes and aspirations were repeatedly obstructed by utilitarian approach of the modern society. Finally, in search of their dreams and aspirations, which were strictly forbidden by the society, they chose to take refuge amidst nihilistic world of drugs. Apart from several socio-political aspects, increasing rate of drug abuse has been one of the most primary concerns for the late 20th and early 21st century world. Though backdrop of the entire situation was prepared since end of the Second World War, Western social discourse witnessed devastating effect of drug abuse since 1980s onwards. At the same time, technological empowerment provided extra boost to media when it came to highlighting the evil effects of drug over young generation. Films, televisions broadcasting, advertisements, literature, painting – almost all forms of Art provided considerable amount of focus over the habit of drug abuse among young people. Governance of various Western nations also expressed their concern over such self-destructive obsession. They also came up with several types of administrative policies to control the habit of drug abuse among young people but in reality, none of those steps proved to be effective. Main reason behind such failure was that the policies, though were aimed at restraining youths from being addicted to drugs, were focused over solving the problem superficially, whereas root of the problem went deeper into the core of Western social existence. The Wall, a famous British musical film, has pondered over the essential issues that have played the most important part in orienting post modern youth

The Greatest Prime Minister in Canadian History for Promoting Ethnic Essay

The Greatest Prime Minister in Canadian History for Promoting Ethnic Diversity and Communities was Pierre Elliott Trudeau - Essay Example Declarations and policies which were centered on creating a diverse community were then made under his jurisdiction (Wood, Gilbert, 2005). The continuous agenda of Trudeau and the way in which he promoted multiculturalism is one which continues to be used today with initiatives through the policies and political actions which were first implemented by Trudeau. The concept of multiculturalism was pushed by Trudeau because of the changing climate and environment in Canada and the world. Trudeau came into power after World War II and through various world revolutions based on cultural diversity and ethnic equality. Canada was also experiencing a large amount of immigrant pressures from other regions, specifically which began as an offset from World War II. The social pressures of this time were based on the desire to offer minorities the same potential as others in society while integrating opportunity. Trudeau followed these social pressures and stigmas with his own vision of creating an ethnically diverse set of communities through policies and procedures expected in society (Driedger, 2001). When Trudeau came into power in 1968, his main agenda was to promote the concept of ethnic diversity. From the 17th century, Canada had a large influx of immigration that came into the country. Before this time, there were also diversity promotions in terms of both Aboriginal land and those who had found the contemporary nation of Canada. As this grew and continued to divide, ethnic communities began to be more visible within the Canadian territories, specifically because of physical and racial differences. The largest influx came during the World Wars, based on those from Europe that began to migrate to America from the war. Asian communities also began to establish during this time. As the racial differences were noted, it was also expected that a

Fifty Shades of Grey Essay Example for Free

Fifty Shades of Grey Essay Erotic romance by British author E. L. James. Set largely in Seattle, it is the first instalment in a trilogy that traces the deepening relationship between a college graduate, Anastasia Steele, and a young business magnate, Christian Grey. It is notable for its explicitly erotic scenes featuring elements of sexual practices involving bondage/discipline, dominance/submission, and sadism/masochism . The second and third volumes are titled Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed, respectively. Fifty Shades of Grey has topped best-seller lists around the world, including the United Kingdom and the United States. [1][2] The series has sold over 65 million copies worldwide,[3] with book rights having been sold in 37 countries,[4] and set the record as the fastest-selling paperback of all time, surpassing the Harry Potter series.[5] Critical reception of the novel has been mixed. Plot Fifty Shades of Grey follows Anastasia Ana Steele, a 22-year-old college senior who lives with her best friend Kate Kavanagh; Kate writes for their colleges student paper. Because of illness, Kate persuades Ana to take her place and interview 27-year-old Christian Grey, an incredibly successful and wealthy young entrepreneur. Ana is instantly attracted to Christian, but also finds him intimidating. As a result she stumbles through the interview and leaves Christians office believing that it went badly. Ana tries to console herself with the thought that the two of them will probably not meet each other again. However she is surprised when Christian appears at Claytons, the largest independent hardware store in the Portland area, where she works. While he purchases various items including cable ties and rope, Ana informs Christian that Kate wants photographs to go along with her article about him. Christian leaves Ana with his phone number. Kate urges Ana to call Christian and arrange a photo shoot with their photographer friend Josà © Rodriquez. The next day Josà ©, Kate, and Ana arrive for the photo shoot at the hotel where Christian is staying and Christian asks Ana out for coffee. The two talk over coffee and Christian asks Ana if shes dating anyone, specifically Josà ©. When Ana replies that she isnt dating anyone, Christian begins to ask her about her family. During the conversation Ana learns that Christian is also single, but is not a hearts and flowers kind of guy. This intrigues Ana, especially after he pulls her out of the path of an oncoming cyclist. However, Ana believes that she is not attractive enough for Christian, much to the chagrin of Kate. After finishing her exams Ana receives a package from Christian containing first edition copies of Tess of the dUrbervilles, which stuns her. Later that night Ana goes out drinking with her friends and ends up drunk dialing Christian, who informs her that he will be coming to pick her up because of her inebriated state. Ana goes outside to get some fresh air, and Josà © attempts to kiss her but is stopped by Christians arrival. Ana leaves with Christian, but not before she discovers that Kate has been flirting with Christians brother, Elliott. Later Ana wakes to find herself in Christians hotel room, where he scolds her for not taking proper care of herself. Christian then reveals that he would like to have sex with her. He initially says that Ana will first have to fill out paperwork, but later goes back on this statement after making out with her in the elevator. Ana goes on a date with Christian where he takes her in his helicopter to his apartment. Once there, Christian insists that she sign a non-disclosure agreement forbidding her to discuss anything that they do together, which Ana agrees to sign. He also mentions other paperwork, but first takes her to a room full of BDSM toys and gear. There Christian informs her that the second contract will be one of dominance and submission and that there will be no romantic relationship, only a sexual one. The contract even forbids Ana from touching Christian or making eye contact with him. At this point, Christian realises that Ana is a virgin and agrees to take her virginity without making her sign the contract. The two then have sex. The following morning Ana and Christian once again have sex, and his mother, who arrives moments after their sexual encounter, is surprised by the meeting, having previously thought Christian was homosexual because she had never seen him with a woman. Christian later takes Ana out to eat, and he reveals to her that he lost his virginity at fifteen to one of his mothers friends and that his previous dominant/submissive relationships failed due to incompatibility. They plan to meet up again and Christian takes Ana home, where she discovers several job offers and admits to Kate that she and Christian have had sex. Over the next few days Ana receives several packages from Christian. These include a laptop to enable the two of them to communicate, since she has never previously owned a computer, and a more detailed version of the dominant/submissive contract. She and Christian email each other, with Ana teasing him and refusing to honour parts of the contract, such as only eating foods from a specific list. Ana later meets up with Christian to discuss the contract, only to grow overwhelmed by the potential BDSM arrangement and the potential of having a sexual relationship with Christian that is not romantic in nature. Because of these feelings Ana runs away from Christian and does not see him again until her college graduation, where he is a guest speaker. During this time, Ana agrees to sign the dominant/submissive contract. Ana and Christian once again meet up to further discuss the contract, and they go over Anas hard and soft limits. Ana is spanked for the first time by Christian; the experience leaves her both enticed and slightly confused. This confusion is exacerbated by Christians lavish gifts, and the fact that he brings her to meet his family. The two continue with the arrangement without Ana having yet signed the contract. After successfully landing a job with Seattle Independent Publishing, Ana further bristles under the restrictions of the non-disclosure agreement and the complex relationship with Christian. The tension between Ana and Christian eventually comes to a head after Ana asks Christian to punish her in order to show her how extreme a BDSM relationship with him could be. Christian fulfils Anas request, beating her with a belt, only for Ana to realize that the two of them are incompatible. Devastated, Ana leaves Christian and returns to the apartment she shares with Kate.

Natural Church Development

Natural Church Development ESSAY TOPIC: AN AUDIT OF THE OF A CONGREGATION DESIGN TO DISCERN ITS STRENGTH, WEAKNESS, OPPORTUNITIES AND THREAT. STRATEGY FOR ITS FURTHER DEVELOPMENT BUILDING ON YOUR AUDIT INTRODUCTION In recent years, it has become very difficult to get people to church. Many would rather go to football field or a cinema than to church. Some complained that church is boring and out of date while others believe it is meant for the elderly and the children. Whichever way, there is a drift away in thinking. Burke echo the above observation said, The reality is, postmodernism is a fad, it is not a new trend we can ride out and ignore. Whether or not you realise it, you live in a postmodern world . There is no point in pretending that you are not or wishing that things would go back to the way they were thirty years.[1] Wishing things in church go back decades back is not good for people and civilization nevertheless it is unrealistic. However, Synder noted that, the church of God is Gods kingdom or institution on earth and for that reason, the theological or organisation structure should not be questioned knowing well that from insertion of the church to now, the church is still unfol ding Gods purpose for humanity.[2] The church has a role of unfolding Gods plan to the world yet faced with these challenges, what are the solutions to overcoming them. It is also worth noting that each church has her peculiarity. This essay will be focusing on using the Natural Church Development module to take a look at the health of a church I once worked with discern the strength and weakness and strategizing a solution. This essay measures the churchs health rather than the typical growth by using the Schwarzs eight quality of characteristics of church health. THE CHURCH HISTORY AND HEALTH Coming from an African church setting, I felt compelled to pick on one of the African church setting I have been involved for years for this essay due to my insight of the congregation and the history. I felt assured to proceed using the church because the pastors and the governing boards were willing to assist in the research that might be involved. Furthermore, the governing board and the pastors were open to the administration of the Natural Church Development using the eight quality characteristics to access the church health. The NCD experimental mode was used throughout the collation and administration of the project. The main instrument of the NCD used was the questionnaire, due to short time in getting data needed to write this essay. The questionnaire used for this essay was limited to only very few members of the congregation of twenty who were pick randomly in order to have a balance information. The expectation is that at the end of the project, the church would have been healthier and experience growth. Also, putting to mind the stresses this change might bring to the congregation, the governing board and pastors are helping the congregation negotiate the change while the project last. This estimated time of completion is one year. The church setting has her origin from Nigeria, West Africa with over 65 years of existence. The central core message of the church as well as the organisational principle is based on the book of Hebrew 13:8 with Berner noting that, has almost gone full circle through the vicissitudes of days of small things to periods of intense evangelistic fervour and search for doctrinal anchor and purity, to the present explosion into socio-political power, economic privilege and spiritual aristocracy.'[3] Nigeria in West Africa has diverse religion and beliefs with three main religion mainly the African Traditional Religion, Christianity and Islam. This diversity brings with along hunger for the truth. Moreover, the quest to fight poverty also aided the growth for search for divine intervention which many found in the churches. This is possible because of the reliance on Holy Spirit among the Pentecostal churches. Furthermore, the young and educated wanted something different from the traditio nal religion or the orthodox churches settled for this new moment. The growth of Pentecostalism began to make most churches to focus on the leading of the Holy Spirit and the power of Pentecost so much that church leadership and organisation in most of these churches have to be by the leading of the Holy Spirit. The selected church organisation of this essay was one of the early church of this moment. The growth of the church movement led to the expansion of the church beyond the border of Africa to other countries including United Kingdom where the parish of the church for this essay is located. The location of this parish was strategic because it is in an area of London that was seriously in need of a change and a living church. As most churches in that area then were either empty and the buildings were converted to hall for general social activities or you see only elderly weekly. This calls for the need of a church for the people not only to worship God but also socialise together creating a community in a community. As noted by Avis, Mission is not a discrete activity of the church, but the cutting edge of the churchs life. It includes the vital areas of social engagement, compassionate care, prophetic critique, Christian education and intellectual dialogue and apologetic.[4] The challenge I discovered was that the church was not reaching the people of the community and the few people coming were people of the same culture. Research carried out in the community during my earlier years in the church shows that there were people searching for a church nearby but were not feeling welcomed to be a part of the church due to approach, cultural design or the mode of service and people management. The pastors and governing board noticed these challenges but were limited with lasting solution to these challenges. Moreover, they are of the opinion that it is God that gives the increase 1 Cor 3:6. Secondly, there were sense of satisfaction and success because there were flints of cars always packing for church services. It is sad because though there were flints of cars in major services, the people coming were from other communities, the church was unable to reach her immediate community. Furthermore, some the members who were from Africa now residing in this area were not getting the spiritual satisfaction there were hoping for because of their experiences from the African setting of the church. The theological implication of the struggle was that many who were very spiritually thorough back in Africa were now struggling with their faith either due to cultural, economic or social differences that need to be attended to in other to create a balance among the congregation. Many not only left the church to seek for spiritual satisfaction while some left Christianity completely due to disappointment in the leadership style or approach. Looking this, Snyder stated that, the church is the agent of the Kingdom of God first of all through what it. It best serves the kingdoms interests as the messianic community of Gods people rather than as an ecclesiastical institution.[5] For clarity of purpose I concentrated my project on the principle of the church, that states but God that gave the increase[6] Though, there are numerous books, theories and modules on the concept of church health today. For me to remain focus on my objective, and fundamental principle of the parish, I restricted myself to the Natural Church Development by Christian A. Schwarz. In this essay, the concept given by Christian A. Schwarz and the eight quality characteristics will be used to analyse the church health and how to experience growth. NATURAL CHURCH DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT The leadership of the church believes that it is only God who gives the increase in ministry or church. This ideology echoes Schwarzs NCD. However, NCD gives a more details and analytical ways of getting result. Schwarz believes that church is like a plant and should experience natural growth progressions.[7] Which is based on biblical principles growth citing Mark 4:26-29.[8] He sees the church as a biotic plant that has the potential of reproducing itself if there is the right condition for growth which include reducing the environmental resistance[9] to the minimum.[10] As noted by the leadership of the church that it is God that gives the increase, Schwarz believes that Church growth can happen all-by-itself[11] In as much as God is the one that causes the growth Schwarz pointed out that there must be self-organisation for proper growth to occur.[12] Since plant grows by itself once the conditions of growth are met, then the church can also naturally grow as God is the one that g ives the conditions of growth in the first place.[13] He noted that for biotic potential to be released for self-organisation of a church there must be quality characteristic, minimum strategy, biotic principles and paradigm shift.[14] Hence, he Defines Natural church development as Releasing the growth automatisms, by which God himself grows his church.[15] While mentioning the sources of his discoveries which include research, observation of nature and biblical studies of natural growing processes of plants Schwarz made it clear that observation of the natural study of plant or church should not be the standard of accessing the growth but the scripture and what is theological acceptable.[16] He distinguished NCD from other concepts of church growth development because it is principle-oriented[17], quality services[18] and the release of natural growth focus[19] with which the church is built by God.[20] Schwarz gave his qualities of characteristics for effective self-organisation as follows: Empowering Leadership which involves teaching and making leader from the lay members of the church Gift-oriented lay ministry. By this, members are helped to discover and identify Gods gift and are developed. Passionate Spirituality which include the role of spiritual exercises in church Functional structures like heads of department and unit leaders. Inspiring worship service. Holistic small groups Need-oriented evangelism Loving relationship. Selection Christian Schwarzs NCD to access my church health because of his discovery which agrees with the teaching and the ideology of the leadership of the church, one cannot overlook some of the lingering questions in the approach applied by Schwarz. He carried out researches all over the world collating data to prove the viability of NCD but there were little said on the word of God regarding the concept except for the initially scripture. For any concept on Gods church to be effective, attention must be given to the word of God above technology and research. Though technology and research enhances good result.[21] Similarly, he seems to distant himself from size and numbers and make quality of service seems to be all that is need even if there is not numerically growth.[22] APPLICATION OF THE CONCEPT God plan of reconciliation of man through Jesus Christ using the church is important Col. 1:17-20 and the mission of the church is to demonstrate this headship[23] but if the church is not measuring up then the devil and the world have the upper hand as seen today. Schwarz stated that for any church to experience good health growth, the characteristics must interplay and a weakness in one of the characteristics and can limit the effectiveness of the others.[24] Analysis and review of questionnaires were carried out with the pastors and the governing board of the church. During the review, it was discovered that though the church was not lacking in all the quality characteristics but as mentioned above lacking in one can limit the others. There were area that needed to be strengthen. Schwarz pointed out that the level of contentment in a congregation can be traced to the level of involvement people have in the congregation. People who are involved in their churches using the gifts and depending on the Holy Spirit, have a higher contentment than those who do not.[25] The church empowerment of leadership was good as there were structures to teach members on getting involved. Members are trained in-house and are made to serve in any department of the choosing. Furthermore, during this training gift are discovered, identified and are used for the church, this promotes confidence, peace and desire to want to serve God with the gift.[26] Holistic small group called house cell where members are divided according to the location and a central place is pick for the meeting of the group. This foster good relationship among the members. Schwarz said that, seek to apply the Bible in a relevant way characterise healthy church.[27]However, there were situation where members are too familiar that relocating them for other assignment became an issue. One of the strategy to solving that was rotational of the leadership of the small group. Passionate spirituality was one of the major problem because of the doctrinal beliefs of the church (Africa origin of the church). Some of the members were unhappy with too strict laws on dressing, where you cannot put on a particular kind of dressing once you are a member of the working unit in the church. Looking at the questionnaire, the issue of dressing stood out for attention. The pastors and the governing board had to biblically look for a balance that will be attracted to encourage people been free. Some were not in agreement with the leadership as this was changing the doctrine of the church. However, the understanding of the people as regard passionate spirituality were difference from what Schwarzs. Schwarz believe that Passionately spiritual Christians are enthusiastic about their faith. Passionately spiritual people are growing in their faith and holiness regardless of dressing or any doctrine that might be in place.[28] Schwarzs thought was carefully planned to one of t he services and there were significant progress. Healthy churches are not overworked by activities that take it turns on both the members and the leadership instead it allows for room it allows for programs that help the leaders to reproduce themselves.[29] For a church that believes in making members active by putting up many church activities, helping the leadership understood the negative impact was very important and how to shift away from such practices to a practice of reproducing quality believers. Inspiring Worship services involves giving God honour, recognising his sovereignty through the sacraments, the Word of God, preaching, testimony and fellowship through the power of the Holy Spirit.[30] Worship is a priority and it is to be taken so. Therefore, for a healthy church, quality time must be spent in prayers and planning of any services or programme to bring people to the presence of God. Need-oriented evangelism is needed for the church as evangelism is the duty of all believers. While Jesus was ascending to the sky is said Go ye to all the nations Matt 28:19. New strategy of evangelism was introduced to encourage members to meet the need of both Christian and non-Christian. One of such was the introduction of a food bank to assist as many in the community in need of food and though this many came to the saving knowledge of the Lord. John the Apostle wrote, Dear friends, let us love one another, for love comes from God 1 John 4:7. Snyder writes, Christians are kingdom people when, having found peace with God through Jesus, they build a peaceful community and become agents of Gods peace in the world[31] The people were encouraged not to show love to other believers only but to the unbelievers alike so that by our love, they can come to the knowledge of Gods grace and measure. The pastors and the governing board realise areas of improvement, took it on board and began to implement the change in order to have a healthier church that can serve the community and shows Gods kingdom on earth. CONCLUSION Schwarz believe that, healthy or whole churches are those that are strong in all eight specified areas[32] and one quality cannot lead to growth in churches but rather involving the interplay of all eight characters. His words, the key is found in the harmonious interplay of all eight elements.[33] Therefore, it is important to improve the services giving in the church to same standard or more compare to what is offered in the world by so doing making the Church become more attractive to the world. BIBLIOGRAPHY Avis Paul, A Church Drawing Near: Spirituality and Mission in a Post-Christian Culture (London, Great Britain: The Cromwell Press 2003) Schwarz Christian A. Natural Church Development: A Practical Guide to a New Approach (Barcelona, Spain: M.C.E. HOREB 1996) Snyder Howard A., Signs of the Spirit: How God reshapes the church (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House 1989) Snyder Howard A., The Community of the King (Downers Grove, Illinois: Inter-Versity Press 1977) Snyder Howard A., A Kingdom Manifesto (Downers Grove, Illinois: Inter-Versity Press 1977) Spencer Burke, Colleen Pepper, Making Sense of Church: Eavesdropping on Emerging Conversations about God, Community, and Culture (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House 2003) King James Version Bible Ulrich Berner, The Redeemed Christian Church of God (RCCG), Nigeria. Local Identities and Global Processes in African Pentecostalism (published Doctoral Dissertation, Owerri, Imo State, 2003), p.1 [Accessed 17 Jan 2017] [1] Burke Spencer, Pepper Colleen, Making Sense of Church: Eavesdropping on Emerging Conversations about God, Community, and Culture (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House 2003), p. 26. [2] Howard A. Snyder, Signs of the Spirit: How God reshapes the church (Grand Rapids: Michigan, Zondervan Publishing House 1989), p. 270. [3] Berner Ulrich, The Redeemed Christian Church of God (RCCG), Nigeria. Local Identities and Global Processes in African Pentecostalism (published Doctoral Dissertation, Owerri, Imo State, 2003), p.1 [Accessed 17 Jan 2017] [4] Paul Avis, A Church Drawing Near: Spirituality and Mission in a Post-Christian Culture (London, Great Britain: The Cromwell Press 2003), p.13 [5] Howard A. Snyder, The Community of the King (Downers Grove, Illinois: Inter-Versity Press 1977), p.73. [6] 1 Cor 3:6 Kjv Bible [7] Christian A. Schwarz, Natural Church Development: A Practical Guide to a New Approach (Barcelona, Spain: M.C.E. HOREB 1996), P.9 [8] Christian A. Schwarz, P.8 [9] Christian A. Schwarz, Natural Church Development: A Practical Guide to a New Approach (Barcelona, Spain: M.C.E. HOREB 1996), P.10 [10] Christian A. Schwarz, P.10 [11] Christian A. Schwarz, P.10 [12] Christian A. Schwarz, P.10 [13] Christian A. Schwarz, P.11 [14] Christian A. Schwarz, P.11 [15] Christian A. Schwarz, P.13 [16] Christian A. Schwarz, P.13 [17] Christian A. Schwarz, P.14 [18] Christian A. Schwarz, P.14 [19] Christian A. Schwarz, P.14 [20] Christian A. Schwarz, P.14 [21] Christian A. Schwarz, P.19 [22] Christian A. Schwarz, P.45 [23] Howard A. Snyder, The Community of the King (Downers Grove, Illinois: Inter-Versity Press 1977), p.117 [24] Christian A. Schwarz, P.50 [25] Christian A. Schwarz, P.24 [26] Christian A. Schwarz, P.24 [27] Christian A. Schwarz, P.32 [28] Christian A. Schwarz, P.27 [29] Christian A. Schwarz, P.28 [30] Christian A. Schwarz, P.31 [31] Howard A. Snyder, A Kingdom Manifesto (Downers Grove, Illinois: Inter-Versity Press 1977), p.22. [32] Christian A. Schwarz, P.38 [33] Christian A. Schwarz, P.39

Academic Discourse: An Overview

Academic Discourse: An Overview Academic Discourse In order to understand the concept of academic discourse one, must know what the meaning academic discourse is. Discourse is a common word. The word of discourse can be interchanged with discussion or conversation in everyday speech or writing (Washington State Libraries). Discourse is a formal discussion of a subject with using speech or writing using the communication of words. Discourse is a written or spoken method of a subject which is handled or discussed at length (Washington State Libraries). The discourse between individuals needs to have some of the same characteristics. For example they need to speak the same language (Elbow). However more goes into the discourse between these individuals than just the same language. The discourse has shared assumptions and the same cultural values, even shared slang. Groups of people that share these qualities are called discourse communities (Washington State Libraries). Doctors, scientists, law officials and mechanics make up their own different discourse community. Usually to be accepted in the discourse community one will have to be able to communicate in the certain professions lingo (Elbow, 137). Discourse communities have certain lingo, norms and common understanding when communicating with in the community. This especially goes for writing. If two articles are compared, one from the Journal of Soil and Water Conservation and an article from the International Journal of Police Science and Management, the differences can be easily depicted. The discourse of a journal also means how it is set up. In the Journal of Soil and Water Conservation the articles are set up in a certain way. In the top left hand corner of the article is where the type of article is shown. In the case of the Article â€Å"Scaling from field to region for wind erosion prediction using Wind Erosion Prediction System and geographical information systems† the type of article is called â€Å"Applied Research†. Right under that is the Title of the article in bold black print that is a larger font than the rest of the article. Under the title is the list of the authors, which is usually double, spaced from the title of the article. Another two spaces is the â€Å"abstract†. The â€Å"abstract† is a short summary paragraph of the article; after the â€Å"abstract† are the â€Å"key terms† of the article. Double spaced from the â€Å"key terms† is the â€Å"introduction†. The introduction’s fir st sentence of the article is bolded in black. The rest of the article is then broke up into â€Å"materials and method†, â€Å"results and discussions† and â€Å"summary and conclusions†. In the â€Å"methods and materials† part of the article is just the tests and materials used in the experiments. There are usually graphs and tables in the â€Å"methods and materials† too. Each of the graphs and maps are labeled, figure 1 or figure 2, it matters the orders in which they appear. Each one also has a short description of what the figure represents. The â€Å"result and discussion† part of the article just explains the results from the experiments done and discusses how the results came about. The â€Å"results and discussions† also has figures that show the results of the experiments and test. The â€Å"summary and conclusions† is the how and why bit of the paper. In this part of the article they explain why some of the results came out the way they did and then it makes conclusions from all the information of the â€Å"results† part of the article. The article always has figures that show and back up the conclusion presented. Once the â€Å"summary and conclusions† is finished the article has â€Å"acknowledgements†. The â€Å"acknowledgements† give praise to the companies and people who funded the research presented in the article. After the â€Å"acknowledgements† is the â€Å"references† in which the authors give other authors and people recognition for the ideas and information they used for the article. In the Journal of Police Science and management set their article up a little different than that of the natural resources journal. In the top left corner of the first page the article gives the journals name and the volume of it. They center the â€Å"title† which is bolded in black and the font is larger too. Right under the â€Å"title† is the author’s names addresses and email addresses. Also there is the date in which the article was received, edited and accepted in the journal. Under this information are the â€Å"key words† of the article. After the â€Å"key words† is information on each of the authors. This information includes the author’s education, career, position and achievements. They have this information for each author. After all the information about the authors is the â€Å"abstract† which is a one paragraph quick summary of the article. In this journal the â€Å"abstract is italicized. After the â€Å"abstract is the â€Å"introduction† to the article. The rest of the paper is broken up into subtopics that is bolded in black and is in larger font so it is easy to follow. The article does have information that is presented in graphs and tables and each one is labeled in figures. Under the labels is the description of what each graph is presenting. At the end of the article is the â€Å"conclusion† in which the authors make conclusions from the information they presented in the article. The â€Å"references† is after the â€Å"conclusion†. The â€Å"references† part of the article is where the authors give recognition to the people in whom they took ideas and information from. The information given about the two different journal articles shows that each of these discourse communities have different ways in which they convey information to their community. Each of these discourses even cite their references different. Not everyone can read an article out of the Journal of Soil and Water Conservation and understand all that is said. This is because the journal in the natural resource uses vocabulary and lingo that is not commonly used or seen. Some one that would understand these articles of the natural resources will either be in this field or have some knowledge of this discourse. Even if one knows definition to certain words in the article, the words could have a different meaning in which they are commonly defined by. The article in the Journal of Police science and Management is much easier to read and follow. The article flows well, kind of like a story or explanation. This article does not split up into parts that have tests and materials. These arti cles in this journal usually use common vocabulary that anyone can read and won’t have to have much knowledge of the profession. This journal uses APA style to cite sources while the Journal of Soil and Water Conservation uses the style of CBE. In conclusion discourse in the two professions use different lingo and jargon in their discussions of a subject. This is the same for any two different discourse communities. Discourse is a style of writing and conversation of a formal subject (Washington State Libraries). References: Washington State University Libraries. (2006). What is Discourse? Retrieved March 8, 2008, from http://www.wsulibs.wsu.edu/electric/trainingmods/gened300/Academic_Disciplines/discourse.htm Feng G. Sharratt B. (2007). Scaling from field to region for wind erosion prediction using the Wind Erosion Prediction System and geographical information systems. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 62, 321-328. Elbow P. (1991). Reflection on Academic Discourse: How It Relates to Freshman and Colleagues. ProQuest Education Journals, 53, 135-155. Holgersson S. Gottschalk P. Dean G. (2007). Knowledge management in law enforcement: knowledge views for patrolling police officers. International Journal of Police Science Management, 10, 1, 76-88.

Essay --

My paper will be about a person who has inspired millions of people to pursue their dreams and gave them the motivation to never give up. This man’s name is Michael Jeffrey Jordan, also known by his initials â€Å"M.J†. Michael Jordan was born on February 17, of the year 1963. He was born in Brooklyn, New York. He is 6 ft. 6 in tall, and weighs about 216 pounds. Michael Jordan attended to Emsley A. Laney high school in Wilmington, North Carolina. Jordan is one of five children. He has two older brothers, Larry Jordan, and James R. Jordan Jr. Also one older sister named Deloris and a younger sister, by the name of Roslyn. Once Michael graduated high school he attended North Carolina from 1981-1984. This man is an American former professional basketball player, entrepreneur, and majority owner and chairman of the Charlotte Bobcats. The National Basketball Association (NBA) website states, "By acclamation, Michael Jordan is the greatest basketball player of all time." In 1984, Michael Jordan was drafted by the Chicago bulls. Since then Jordan dominated the sport Jordan has his place as the greatest basketball player of all time for many reasons one of them is because he never gave up. In high school Michel Jordan was rejected on his high school basketball team for being too short, however that did not stop Michael. This all just intrigued Michael to try harder and be able to succeed. throughout his basketball career from the 1980s-1990s with the Chicago bulls he lead his team to the championship six times, six time NBA finals Most valuable player, five time NBA most valuable player, fourteen time NBA all-star three time NBA all-star game Most Valuable Player, ten time All-NBA first team, All NBA second team, two time NBA slam dunk contes... ...r who comes into the game. People will always remember Jordan as the best player in the game. I don’t know one single person who doesn’t know Jordan he is known worldwide as the man who could fly. He managed to score a half-court shot to win a dunk competition many people didn’t believe he could win. He brought his own moves into the game the same moves that many NBA players use now. I believe that no matter who comes in to the game they will not be remembered the greatest player to ever live like Michael Jordan. Michael Jordan even said that the only person he should ever be compared to is Kobe Bryant and not even he has been able to accomplish what Jordan has accomplished. Michael Jordan has been a huge influence on millions of people until this day. And for that he will always be remembered as the greatest basketball player to ever step on any NBA or other court.

Macbeth - Character Changes :: essays research papers

"This dead butcher and his fiend like queen", is the way in which Malcolm describes Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. Describe the way in which these two characters changed during the course of the play. At the beginning of the play Macbeth is seen as a courageous soldier who is loyal to the King but is corrupted from the witches prophecies and by his and Lady Macbeth’s ambition. This is because of the weakness of Macbeth’s character and the strong power of Lady Macbeth and how she is easily able to influence him. Her strength motivates him at the start but after he realises what he has done it is himself that continues in his murderous, bloody path. At the beginning of the play Lady Macbeth appears as a kind wife of Macbeth’s but underneath lies a scheming and treacherous woman. In the beginning of the play Macbeth is a strong soldier who fights for the King without mercy but his strive for ambition and his curious nature leads him to the witches who give him a prophecy. Banquo realises that there must be a trick hidden in the witches prophecies somewhere but Macbeth refuses to accept that, and when Lady Macbeth finds out about the witches her strong desire for ambition and her cold nature leads Macbeth astray. Macbeth is a little ambitious at first, but Lady Macbeth’s far exceeds his and so she is able to get Macbeth to agree with her to kill King Duncan. Macbeth still has a conscience at this stage because he is very hesitant about killing the King but his weak nature over comes him. He has a conscience throughout the entire play as this is seen by the hallucinations of the dagger and the ghost of Banquo and his vivid imagination and his constant worry also provokes him. This is also evident in his terrible dreams which gives the solid theme that he has indeed "murdered sleep". Throughout the play we see the character of Macbeth change not from just the way he thinks and what we hear from the play, but from the actions he takes in the play, from killing Banquo, then having Lady Macduff and her children murdered, shows the insecurity that was present in Macbeth. After the murder of Duncan Macbeth becomes paranoid and his first step of killing the guards is one of many that Macbeth takes to secure himself.

Introduction to Matlab

CHAPTER-5 SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION MATLAB is a high-performance linguistic communication for proficient computer science. It integrates calculation, visual image, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where jobs and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical utilizations include:Math and calculationAlgorithm developmentModeling, simulation, and prototypingData analysis, geographic expedition, and visual imageScientific and technology artworksApplication development, including graphical user interface edificeMATLAB is an synergistic system whose basic information component is an array that does non necessitate dimensioning. This allows you to work out many proficient calculating jobs, particularly those with matrix and vector preparations, in a fraction of the clip it would take to compose a plan in a scalar noninteractive linguistic communication such as C or FORTRAN. The name MATLAB stands for matrix research lab. MATLAB was originally written to supply easy entree to matrix package developed by the LINPACK and EISPACK undertakings. Today, MATLAB uses package developed by the LAPACK and ARPACK undertakings, which together represent the state-of-the-art in package for matrix calculation. MATLAB has evolved over a period of old ages with input from many users. In university environments, it is the standard instructional tool for introductory and advanced classs in mathematics, technology, and scientific discipline. In industry, MATLAB is the tool of pick for high-productivity research, development, and analysis. MATLAB features a household of application-specific solutions called tool chests. Very of import to most users of MATLAB, toolboxes let you to larn and use specialised engineering. Toolboxs are comprehensive aggregations of MATLAB maps ( M-files ) that extend the MATLAB environment to work out peculiar categories of jobs. Areas in which toolboxes are available include signal processing, control systems, nervous webs, fuzzed logic, ripples, simulation, and many others. The MATLAB System The MATLAB system consists of five chief parts: Development Environment. This is the set of tools and installations that help you use MATLAB maps and files. Many of these tools are graphical user interfaces. It includes the MATLAB desktop and Command Window, a bid history, and browsers for sing aid, the workspace, files, and the hunt way. The MATLAB Mathematical Function Library. This is a huge aggregation of computational algorithms runing from simple maps like amount, sine, cosine, and complex arithmetic, to more sophisticated maps like matrix opposite, matrix characteristic root of a square matrixs, Bessel maps, and fast Fourier transforms. The MATLAB Language. This is a high-ranking matrix/array linguistic communication with control flow statements, maps, informations constructions, input/output, and object-oriented scheduling characteristics. It allows both â€Å" scheduling in the little † to quickly make speedy and soiled throw-away plans, and â€Å" scheduling in the big † to make complete big and complex application plans. Handle Graphics ®. This is the MATLAB artworks system. It includes high-ranking bids for planar and 3-dimensional informations visual image, image processing, life, and presentation artworks. It besides includes low-level bids that allow you to to the full custom-make the visual aspect of artworks every bit good as to construct complete graphical user interfaces on your MATLAB applications. The MATLAB Application Program Interface ( API ) .This is a library that allows you to compose C and FORTRAN plans that interact with MATLAB. It include installations for naming modus operandis from MATLAB ( dynamic linking ) , naming MATLAB as a computational engine, and for reading and composing MAT-files. DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT Introduction This chapter provides a brief debut to get downing and discontinuing MATLAB, and the tools and maps that help you to work with MATLAB variables and files. For more information about the subjects covered here, see the corresponding subjects under Development Environment in the MATLAB certification, which is available online every bit good as in print. Get downing and Discontinuing MATLAB Get downing MATLAB On a Microsoft Windows platform, to get down MATLAB, double-click the MATLAB cutoff icon on your Windows desktop. On a UNIX platform, to get down MATLAB, type matlab at the operating system prompt. After get downing MATLAB, the MATLAB desktop opens – see MATLAB Desktop. You can alter the directory in which MATLAB starts, specify startup options including running a book upon startup, and cut down startup clip in some state of affairss. Discontinuing MATLAB To stop your MATLAB session, choice Exit MATLAB from the File bill of fare in the desktop, or type quit in the Command Window. To put to death specified maps each clip MATLAB quits, such as salvaging the workspace, you can make and run a finish.m book. MATLAB Desktop When you start MATLAB, the MATLAB desktop appears, incorporating tools ( graphical user interfaces ) for pull offing files, variables, and applications associated with MATLAB. The first clip MATLAB starts, the desktop appears as shown in the undermentioned illustration, although your Launch Pad may incorporate different entries. You can alter the manner your desktop expressions by gap, shutting, traveling, and resizing the tools in it. You can besides travel tools outside of the desktop or return them back inside the desktop ( docking ) . All the desktop tools provide common characteristics such as context bill of fare and keyboard cutoffs. You can stipulate certain features for the desktop tools by choosing Preferences from the File bill of fare. For illustration, you can stipulate the fount features for Command Window text. For more information, snap the Help button in the Preferences duologue box. Desktop Tools This subdivision provides an debut to MATLAB ‘s desktop tools. You can besides utilize MATLAB maps to execute most of the characteristics found in the desktop tools. The tools are:Current Directory BrowserWorkspace BrowserArray EditorEditor/DebuggerCommand WindowCommand HistoryLaunch PadHelp BrowserCommand Window Use the Command Window to come in variables and run maps and M-files. Figure 5.1: Basic Window of Matlab Command History Lines you enter in the Command Window are logged in the Command History window. In the Command History, you can see antecedently used maps, and transcript and execute selected lines. To salvage the input and end product from a MATLAB session to a file, use the diary map. Runing External Programs You can run external plans from the MATLAB Command Window. The exclaiming point character! is a shell flight and indicates that the remainder of the input line is a bid to the operating system. This is utile for raising public-service corporations or running other plans without discontinuing MATLAB. On Linux, for illustration! emacs magik.m invokes an editor called emacs for a file named magik.m. When you quit the external plan, the operating system returns command to MATLAB. Launch Pad MATLAB Launch Pad provides easy entree to tools, demos, and certification. Help Browser Use the Help browser to seek and see certification for all your Math Works merchandises. The Help browser is a Web browser integrated into the MATLAB desktop that displays HTML paperss. To open the Help browser, snap the aid button in the toolbar, or type aid browser in the Command Window. The Help browser consists of two window glasss, the Help Navigator, which you use to happen information, and the show window glass, where you view the information. Help Navigator Use to Help Navigator to happen information. It includes: Merchandise filter– Set the filter to demo certification merely for the merchandises you specify. Contentss check– Position the rubrics and tabular arraies of contents of certification for your merchandises. Index check– Discovery specific index entries ( selected keywords ) in the Math Works certification for your merchandises. Search check– Expression for a specific phrase in the certification. To acquire aid for a specific map, set the Search type to Function Name. Favorites tab– Position a list of paperss you antecedently designated as favourites. Display Pane After happening certification utilizing the Help Navigator, position it in the show window glass. While sing the certification, you can: Browse to other pages– Use the pointers at the tops and undersides of the pages, or utilize the dorsum and forward buttons in the toolbar. Bookmark pages– Chink the Add to Favorites button in the toolbar. Print pages– Chink the print button in the toolbar. Find a term in the page– Type a term in the Find in page field in the toolbar and chink Go. Other characteristics available in the show window glass are: copying information, measuring a choice, and sing Web pages. Current Directory Browser MATLAB file operations use the current directory and the hunt way as mention points. Any file you want to run must either be in the current directory or on the hunt way. Search Path To find how to put to death maps you call, MATLAB uses a search way to happen M-files and other MATLAB-related files, which are organized in directories on your file system. Any file you want to run in MATLAB must shack in the current directory or in a directory that is on the hunt way. By default, the files supplied with MATLAB and Math Works tool chests are included in the hunt way. Workspace Browser The MATLAB workspace consists of the set of variables ( named arrays ) built up during a MATLAB session and stored in memory. You add variables to the workspace by utilizing maps, running M-files, and lading saved workspaces. To see the workspace and information about each variable, use the Workspace browser, or utilize the maps who and World Health Organization. To cancel variables from the workspace, select the variable and choice Delete from the Edit bill of fare. Alternatively, utilize the clear map. Array Editor Double-click on a variable in the Workspace browser to see it in the Array Editor. Use the Array Editor to see and redact a ocular representation of one- or planar numeral arrays, strings, and cell arrays of strings that are in the workspace. Editor/Debugger Use the Editor/Debugger to make and debug M-files, which are plans you write to run MATLAB maps. The Editor/Debugger provides a graphical user interface for basic text redaction, every bit good as for M-file debugging. You can utilize any text editor to make M-files, such as Emacs, and can utilize penchants ( accessible from the desktop File bill of fare ) to stipulate that editor as the default. If you use another editor, you can still utilize the MATLAB Editor/Debugger for debugging, or you can utilize debugging maps, such as dbstop, which sets a breakpoint. MANIPULATING Matrixs Entering Matrixs The best manner for you to acquire started with MATLAB is to larn how to manage matrices. Start MATLAB and follow along with each illustration. You can come in matrices into MATLAB in several different ways:Enter an expressed list of elements.Load matrices from external informations files.Generate matrices utilizing constitutional maps.Create matrices with your ain maps in M-files.Start by come ining Durer ‘s matrix as a list of its elements. You have merely to follow a few basic conventions:Separate the elements of a row with spaces or commas.Use a semicolon, ; , to bespeak the terminal of each row.Surround the full list of elements with square brackets, [ ] .5.6 Matlab DIP Toolbox Instructions Matlab digital image processing tool chest is able to execute a big assorted image processing undertakings. There are two of import I/O instructions ( imread and imwrite ) to lade and salvage images with assorted extensions. Usual data type of images is 8 spot unsigned whole number which is non conventional for matlab. Major portion of maps deal with dual type variables. accordingly, it is recommended to change over image matrix to duplicate informations type utilizing dual direction. Instruction manuals as imshow and use signifier purely obey such dynamic scope restraints. three types of images are defined in matlab: colour, grey and indexed. For each pel of a colour image, 3 bytes are dedicated to colour constituents. It is possible to transform good known colour infinites withmakecformandapplycform. A particular instance of grey images is black and white images with merely two strength degrees. The last image type is indexed image in which each pel has an index umpiring to an spec ific colour in associated colour map. Color infinite transforms are besides applicable to colourise maps while colour maps besides obey dual and uint8 dynamic scopes. except for pull outing colour image from grey or BW images ( which has its ain ambiguity ) , there are maps to change over other images. The often used Image Processing tool box instructions are shown below: ImshowDisplay image ImreadRead image from artworks file ImwriteWrite image to artworks file ImfinfoInformation about artworks file ImnoiseAdd noise to image ImcropCrop image ImresizeResize image ImrotateRotate image ImsaveSave Image Tool MakecformCreate colour transmutation construction ApplycformApply device-independent colour infinite transmutation gray2indConvert grayscale or binary image to indexed image ind2grayConvert indexed image to grayscale image mat2grayConvert matrix to grayscale image rgb2grayConvert RGB image or colour map to grayscale ind2rgbConvert indexed image to RGB image label2rgbConvert label matrix into RGB image multithreshMultilevel image thresholds utilizing Otsu ?s method im2bwConvert image to binary image, based on threshold graythreshGlobal image threshold utilizing Otsu ‘s method graysliceConvert grayscale image to indexed image utilizing multilevel thresholding im2doubleConvert image to duplicate preciseness im2int16Convert image to 16-bit signed whole numbers im2java2dConvert image to Java buffered image im2singleConvert image to individual preciseness im2uint16Convert image to 16-bit unsigned whole numbers im2uint8Convert image to 8-bit unsigned whole numbers imadjustAdjust image strength values or colormap imcontrastAdjust Contrast tool imsharpenSharpen image utilizing un crisp cover histeqEnhance contrast utilizing histogram equalisation adapthisteqContrast-limited adaptative histogram equalisation ( CLAHE ) bwmorphMorphological operations on binary images bwareaArea of objects in binary image bwulterodeUltimate eroding bwareaopenRemove little objects from binary image imcloseMorphologically close image imdilateDilate image imerodeErode image imfillFill image parts and holes imopenMorphologically unfastened image imcloseMorphologically close image strelCreate morphological structuring component ( STREL ) subimageDisplay multiple images in individual figure immovieMake film from multiframe image implayPlay films, pictures, or image sequences imwarpApply geometric transmutation to image imdisplayrangeDisplay Range tool imdistlineDistance tool imroiRegion-of-interest ( ROI ) base category impixelregionPixel Region tool imellipseCreate draggable oval impolyCreate draggable, resizable polygon imrectCreate draggable rectangle imfreehandCreate draggable freehand part imlineCreate draggable, resizable line impointCreate draggable point RoipolySpecify polygonal part of involvement ( ROI ) poly2maskConvert part of involvement ( ROI ) polygon to part mask roicolorSelect part of involvement ( ROI ) based on colour roifillFill in specified part of involvement ( ROI ) polygon in grayscale image roifilt2Filter part of involvement ( ROI ) in image imshowpairCompare differences between images Introduction to Matlab Lab 1 Introduction to MATLAB and Simulink Objectives: 1. The student should be able to understand the used of Matlab simulation package for analysis. 2. The student should be able to understand the used of simulink tool to analyse a given system. Part A: Matlab programming 1) Use MATLAB to generate the transfer function G(s) = 5(s+15)(s+26)(s+72) s(s+55)(s+47)(s+56)(s+89) in the following ways: The ratio of factors (i) (ii) The ratio of polynomials (b) Test the transfer function for (i) Stability Step response. Peak time? Settling time? % Overshoot? (ii) (iii) Steady state error for a unit step input 1 Part B: Simulink tool. ) Find the transfer function T(s) = C(s)/R(s) for the system shown in Figure 1. Given that G1(s) = 1/(s+7), G2(s) = 1/(s2+2s+3), G3(s) = 1/(s+4), G4 = 1/s G5(s) = 5/(s+7), G6(s) = 1/(s2 + 5s+10), G7=3/(s+2) and G8 = 1/(s+6). {Hint : Use the connect and blkbuild commands in MATLAB's Control System Toolbox} (a) Analyse the system for stability, steady-state error a nd time response to a unit step input, a unit ramp input and a hyperbolic input. (b) Connect the blocks in SIMULINK and verify for the time response obtained in (a) . G8(s) G6(s) R(s) G1(s) + + + G3(s) + G7(s) + G2(s) + + G4(s) + C(s) G5(s) Figure 1 2

Law and Ethics Case Study †Nestle Essay

legion(predicate) an(prenominal) rightfulnessful and honourable issues in in the normal eye(predicate) dealing come from large corporations contain to maximise profits. An example of this is nestles unethical express adherenceing their sm any fry take out in the former(a) 70s, causing a gigantic s stooldal. Along with other aggressive selling techniques come on was appointing uniformed Nurses to die the foil pr lickice and leaflets for easy in hospitals and maternal quality wards in the create reality, such as in Ethiopia and Indonesia. draw close gave new frets this enactment long enough for their own take out to dry up, therefore leading them bonnie dependent on the enactment, and at the era United stirs Agency for supra state of matteral phylogenesis official Dr Stephan Joseph blamed reliance on gratify command for a meg bodge closes every year though malnutrition and diarrheal diseases, showing the come-at-able peg down up of hold closes unethical advertize in the maturation world. http//www.businessinsider.com/nestles- sister- chemical formula-scandal-2012-6?op=1 go up gave poor wellness workers gifs to abet their carrefours as well as sponsoring hospital products such as stigmatisation newborn wrist bands and nurses prescription pads to take out the grime in the forefront of the great unwasheds minds and believe it has beneficial products over overdue(p) to healthc atomic number 18 support. come on undermined new mothers self-assertion in look feeding by the advancement of its infant draw and ab exercise the hope for westernisation in the maturation world. in that location atomic number 18 m all(prenominal) issues touch Nestles infant milk and its promotion. Formula is less kempt for a newborn baby and well more expensive than dumbbell milk. In the developing world most could non afford this expense so gave their child weak milk to make the formula last, leading to children impersonatetin g sever deprivation of nutrients and vitamins that they require for healthy growth.The formula overly requires scrub water which in some(prenominal) topographic points in the developing world is non available, increasing the spread of diseases and diarrhea in spite of appearance infants. The infant formula similarly lacks basic nutrients that a newborn baby needs. This shows how Nestle took advantage of the undereducated who do non understand sanitation and nutritionary needs. Labels were in addition not translated to the countries in which the product was been distributed, so a full understanding of the product was being withheld.Nestles promotion and widespread dispersion of baby formula in the developing world take to huge trauma to the blurs story globally, especially in the real world which in turn led to a global boycott of Nestle in the late 70s leading to a huge strickle in sales figures and lack of aver in the brand. Many made Nestles unethical behaviou r man including the New Internationalists ordinate describing the controversial merchandise practices subroutined to get thirds world mothers hooked on formula, make in 1973. In 1974 Londons War on Want boldness as well published a brochure on Nestles behaviour called the baby sea wolf exposing the consequences of baby formula and unethical marketing techniques. This organisation and its translators were later sued by Nestle for its human beingsation.* Even though Nestles behaviour was seen as extremely unethical it was not amerciable as no laws were in place surrounding marketing of baby f be products. til now, due to public outrage and sentiency of Nestles unethical marketing practices hearings were held in 1978 between the US Senate, the World Health brass section, UNICEF and the International do by Food action electronic network which led to a new lay out of marketing rules for baby formula and nourishment products and by 1981 the international codes of marke ting converge milk substitutes had been created. Key points of these rules argon shown below. Baby intellectual nourishment companies may not* call forth their products in hospitals, shops or to the general public * give free samples to mothers or free or subsidised supplies to hospitals or motherliness wards* give gifts to health workers or mothers* promote their products to health workers any discipline provided by companies must contain only scientific and factual matters* promote foods or drinks for babies* give tawdry information* there should be no contact between baby milk company sales violence and mothers.* Labels must be in a language understood by the mother and must allow a undetermined health warning.* The labels must not include language which idealises the use of the product. http//www.who.int/nutrition/publications/code_english.pdf Companies must similarly describe the costs and possible consequences of using the formula as an pick to breast milk and it m ust be made clear that breast milk is the healthiest option for a newborn baby.These guidelines argon rules and are not laws so are not legally enforceable unless they grant been incorporated into the legislature of a nation state. Many countries have incorporated the rules into law however this does not include the US or the UK. Therefore enforcement of these rules can some clips be seen as being weak. In 1995 advertising on newborn formula was banned however many companies use loopholes to promote their products such as brand name and follow on formula advertising, and many social rights groups still cite Nestle and other companies of stretching the rules.There are many ethical issues surrounding Nestles baby milk formula and its advertising and distribution, but due to lack of regulations at the sequence, no laws were broken. The product that was being distributed and marketed was infant formula which has been proved to hinder infant growth and contributes to unnecessary harm, suffering and death of babies, especially in developing countries where clean water, needed for the formula is rarely available. At the time the World Health Organisation found that babies on formula in developing countries had mortality rates quintuplet to ten times higher than those of breast fed babies, and Save the Childrens State of the World report says that six months of undivided breastfeeding are said to increase a childs chance of endurance by six times. http//www.businessinsider.com/nestles-infant-formula-scandal-2012-6?op=1Nestle is also seen to have maltreated the poor, taking advantage of the undereducated and uneducated as well as abusing the want for westernisation in the developing world. By doing this Nestle is also encouraging poverty by creating more costs for the poor as well as creating more health issues in poverty stricken areas. By providing lack of information Nestle also undermined mothers right to be appropriately informed. Nestle also used unethic al promotion methods, undermining the benefits of breastfeeding and unreasonablely advertising the need for and the nutritional value of its baby formula by using women dressed as nurses to distribute the product.On this UNICEF has said, marketing practices that undermine breastfeeding are potentially hazardous wherever they are pursued in the developing world WHO (The World Health Assembly) estimated that some 1.5 million children dieeach year because they are not adequately breastfed. These facts are not in dispute. http//info.babymilkaction.org/nestlefree. These facts show that unethical behaviour and promotion methods by companies such as Nestle can cause greater infant deaths in the developing world. Codes and PR practiseNestles unethical behaviour, although at the time was not seen to be respite any laws, was breaking many of the Public Relations Consultants Association codes of conduct. Below is listed the codes that Nestle breached during its compress to sell infant milk in the developed world. Inducement Neither now or indirectly give any financial or other incentive to public representatives Influence Neither propose nor undertake any action which would attain an improper influence on public representatives, the media or other stakeholders Accuracy accept all reasonable steps to visualize the truth and accuracy of all information provided Falsehood Make every lather not to intentionally disseminate false or misleading information, exercise proper care to avoid doing so circumstantially and correct any such act promptly Deception Observance assert the principles of the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of world Rights Conduct professional activities with proper regard to public interest Have a positive duty at all times to respect the truth and shall not disseminate false or misleading information cognizeingly or recklessly, and to use proper care to avoid doing so inadvertently Every member in healthcare public rela tions shall plug that information disseminated is balanced and accurate and not likely to mislead http//www.prca.org.ukhttp//www.ipra.orgAlong with breaking these codes through deception, little regard for public interest or safety and influence, Nestle can also be seen to be breaking Human rights by not providing a balanced view on the implications and effects of infant milk, an issue which is also morally and ethically wrong.Nestles behaviour, as antecedently mentioned did lead to a new set of marketing rules for baby formula and food products and new codes around themarketing of breast milk substitutes. Even though they could not be legally punished or prosecuted, the implications to Nestle from this campaign were huge and greatly damage the companys reputation long term.Due to the huge media coverage of the scandal, as well as the many exposes that were published Nestles sales dropped considerably due to the global boycott of the brand and give in the company was greatly dam aged long term. Only time has managed to reconstruct the brand as well as the release of many healthcare link up products, however this is still a astray talked about unethical campaign due to the nature of the scandal, especially at a time when poverty in the developing world was at an all time high.This case study shows how large corporations volition break ethical and moral codes stringently to boost sales and increase profits, and also how laws and codes will be stretched and loopholes will be found to make this behaviour possible. However it also shows how long the effects of breaching ethical codes term can be and how electronegative it can be to a brand reputation long term. Even though Nestle also damaged the swan in the use of infant milk and many rules were implemented on its advertisement, baby formula and follow on milk is now an eleven and a half billion dollar market worldwide, and I believe that Nestle influenced this growth, showing how companies can also ben efit from public relations scandals.Bibliography* http//www.ipra.org/secciones.php?sec=1&subsec=3* http//www.prca.org.uk/assets/files/AboutUs/Files/PRCA_Codes_of_conduct_and_Professional_charter.pdf * Article, certain world examples of bad business moral philosophy, 18th May 2011, N Nayab http//www.brighthub.com/ self-confidence/entrepreneurs/articles/115557.aspx * Business Insider, Article, Every Parent should know the scandalous history of infant formula, Jill Krasny, 25th June 2012 http//www.businessinsider.com/nestles-infant-formula-scandal-2012-6?op=1 * Baby draw Action Briefing, January 2009 http//www.babymilkaction.org/pdfs/nestlebriefings0109.pdf * Baby Milk Action Article and Press Releases, 2012, The Nestle boycott http//info.babymilkaction.org/nestlefree * World Health Organisation,